In her 2002 book Girl Heroes: The New Force in Popular Culture, Professor Susan Hopkins suggested a correlation between "girl power", Spice Girls, and female action heroes at the end of the 20th century. In 2018, Rolling Stone named the Spice Girls' brand of "girl power" on The Millennial 100, a list of 100 people, music, cultural touchstones and movements that have shaped the Millennial generation. In summation of the concept, author Ryan Dawson said, "The Spice Girls changed British culture enough for Girl Power to now seem completely unremarkable." On the other hand, some critics dismissed "girl power" as no more than a shallow marketing tactic, while others took issue with the emphasis on physical appearance, concerned about the potential impact on self-conscious and/or impressionable youngsters: As American feminist Jennifer Pozner famously remarked, it was "probably a fair assumption to say that a ‘zig-a-zig-ah’ is not Spice shorthand for ‘subvert the dominant paradigm’.” Regardless, the phrase became a cultural phenomenon, adopted as the mantra for millions of girls and even making it into the Oxford English Dictionary. Some commentators credit the Spice Girls with reinvigorating mainstream feminism in the 1990s, with the "girl power" mantra serving as a gateway to feminism for their young fans. In all, the focused, consistent presentation of "girl power" formed the centrepiece of their appeal as a band. Make it last forever friendship never ends." According to Billboard magazine, they demonstrated real, noncompetitive female friendship, singing: "If you wannabe my lover, you gotta get with my friends. The Spice Girls' version of "girl power" focused on the importance of strong and loyal friendship among females, with a message of empowerment that appealed to young girls, adolescents and adult women. Some other musical artists who have used the slogan in their music are Welsh band Helen Love, with it appearing in the chorus of their 1992 song “Formula One Racing Girls”, and pop-punk duo Shampoo, who released an album and single titled Girl Power in 1995.īritish pop quintet Spice Girls brought the mantra into the mainstream consciousness in the mid-1990s. The phrase is sometimes sensationally spelled "grrrl power", based on the spelling of " riot grrrl". Bikini Kill earned a reputation in the punk underground for confronting certain standards of that genre for example, asking people to slam at the side of the stage, so that women would not get pushed out of the front, and inviting women to take the mic and talk about sexual abuse. The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll credits the zine with coining the slogan: "In their feminist fanzine Bikini Kill they articulated an agenda for young women in and outside of music the band put those ideas to practice. The term became popular in the early and mid 90s punk culture. The band's lead singer, Kathleen Hanna, said was inspired by the Black Power slogan. A year later the band published the second issue of their Bikini Kill zine, which now came with the new subtitle of Girl Power. In 1990, US punk band Bikini Kill started to make their own self-titled feminist zine, with the first issue having the subtitle A color and activity book. Girls wearing "Girl power" sashes at the 2017 Women's March in New York City
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